Post by kiwithrottlejockey on Jun 23, 2016 14:04:56 GMT 12
from The Washington Post....
Plane takes off from the South Pole in rare,
risky effort to rescue sick workers
By SARAH KAPLAN | 11:24AM EDT - Wednesday, June 22, 2016
The 10-meter South Pole Telescope and the BICEPTelescope at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole research station in 2008.
— Photograph: Keith Vanderlinde/National Science Foundation/Reuters.
A MEDICAL RESCUE PLANE took off from Amundsen-Scott research station at the South Pole Wednesday morning, en route to complete only the third evacuation during the dark Antarctic winter in the station's 60-year history.
Flights to the pole are risky and rare during the six-month polar night, temperatures can sink below minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit and the only light comes from the moon and stars.
Kelly Falkner, the director of polar programs for the National Science Foundation (which runs the South Pole station), said that two workers were airlifted out of the station on Wednesday. One was a seasonal employee for contractor Lockheed Martin who requires medical treatment not available at the station; the NSF has not identified the second patient. Falkner couldn't provide further details about the medical motivation behind the rescues for privacy reasons.
The rescue effort was launched early last week after consultation with outside medical experts and agency officials.
“We try to balance our decisions with all of the risks involved,” Falkner said, noting that the safety of the flight crew and the needs of all 48 people overwintering at the station were also taken into account. “It's a very serious decision that we take to move in this direction.”
Dozens of people spend the winter at the Amundsen-Scott station each year, many of them employed by the NSF or lead contractor Lockheed Martin. They help maintain the station, oversee long-term monitoring of the atmosphere and climate change, conduct research on the early history of the universe via two radio telescopes, and observe the behavior of subatomic particles at the station's IceCube Neutrino Observatory.
But evacuation efforts such as this are exceedingly uncommon. The brutal cold and near-total darkness that blankets Antarctica during the austral winter make flights in and out of the station all but impossible. In 1999, a doctor who discovered a cancerous lump in her right breast treated herself — even performing her own biopsy and administering her own chemotherapy — for almost six months until the weather thawed enough for a rescue plane to arrive. A decade later, when a manager for the station suffered a stroke in August, the question of whether an airlift was possible led to a tense standoff. She was ultimately flown out in mid October.
“We were stuck in a place that's harder to get to than the International Space Station,” said Ron Shemenski, a former physician for the station who in 2001 became the first person to be evacuated during the dark winter months. “We know we're on our own.”
Between February and October, only one type of aircraft can fly to, land at and take off again from the South Pole: the tiny Twin Otter. Two of these hardy, winter-proof bush planes, operated by Canadian polar service firm Kenn Borek, landed at the British-run Rothera research station on the Antarctic coast on Monday, each of them carrying a pilot, a co-pilot, an engineer and a medic.
In this 2003 photo, a Twin Otter flies out of the South Pole research station on a previous medical evacuation flight.
— Photograph: Jason Medley/National Science Foundation.
One plane and its crew remained at Rothera to provide search-and-rescue capability as needed. The second was prepped for a journey and equipped with skis to allow it to land on snow and ice.
On Tuesday morning, as soon as the weather allowed, the plane took off toward the pole, flying into the deeper cold (temperature at Amundsen-Scott on Tuesday was minus-73 degrees Fahrenheit) and impenetrable night. It arrived that evening, and after a 10-hour stop to rest and refuel, left for Rothera early Wednesday morning.
Only a half dozen people on Earth know what that journey is like; Alberta bush pilot Sean Loutitt is one of them.
“It's a 10-hour flight, and you only have 12 or 13 hours of fuel on board,” he said. “You're monitoring the weather the whole time, but eventually you get to a point of no return. Then you're committed to the pole, no matter what.”
Loutitt was the chief pilot for Kenn Borek during the mission to evacuate Shemenski in 2001. Before that rescue effort, no one had flown to Amundsen-Scott through the polar night. It was assumed that it couldn't be done.
That belief is part of the mythology of the pole, Shemenski said. “It was like a macho thing,” he recalled. “At that point when the last plane left, you were there for six months. That was it.”
But about a month and a half after the last flight out, in April 2001, Shemenski started suffering stomach pains and throwing up repeatedly. As the physician for the station, he diagnosed himself with pancreatitis.
The doctor was determined not to leave the pole, arguing that he could treat himself on his own (indeed, by the time rescuers arrived, he was on his way to recovery, he said). But a medical expert consulted by the NSF said that Shemenski had a 50 percent chance of dying in the six months until regular flights to the pole resumed. Officials pointed out that, though Shemenski could take his own chances, they couldn't risk the possibility that his 49 colleagues would be left at the station without a doctor.
“It's like being in the military,” Shemenski said. “I was ordered off. So I left.”
The last sunset of the summer at the South Pole, on March 20th, 2016.
— Photograph: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The initial call went to the the U.S. Air Force, which began to assemble dozens of military personnel and three C-130 Hercules planes for the rescue mission. But the temperatures at the pole were already too cold for the C-130s. The mission was scrubbed and the NSF sought an alternative: Kenn Borek's Twin Otters.
The planes are certified to fly at temperatures as low as minus-75 degrees Celsius (minus-103 degrees Fahrenheit), according to Falkner. Their systems are a good deal simpler than the C-130's, and they require less fuel — essential when every ounce of fuel has to be warmed for flight. At the pole's low temperatures, fuel freezes into an unusable jelly. So does the grease in a plane's hinges and gears. Winter storms can flare up in a heartbeat. And if anything goes awry, pilots may need to land on unknown terrain in total darkness.
All of this was on Loutitt's mind as he prepared for the mission south. He'd flown to Amundsen-Scott before, and had done countless flights into the Arctic Circle during the northern polar night. But this was different.
“You're the only plane flying on an entire continent,” he said. “You have to be prepared to be totally self-reliant if something goes wrong.”
Luckily, the trip in 2001 was relatively smooth. After hours of flying in darkness, Loutitt and his crew finally glimpsed a glimmer of light below them: Barrels of gasoline were burning along the makeshift runway the South Pole station workers had prepared. They'd reached the bottom of Earth.
The replacement doctor for the station disembarked, and the ailing Shemenski clambered onto the plane. But as they started up the engines, the crew realized they couldn't take off. The Twin Otter's skis had stuck to the ice beneath them, and the grease on the wing flaps had frozen them in the fully extended position. While the station workers hacked at the ice on the skis, the plane's mechanic jerry-rigged the controls to allow it to take off. It was one of the longest, slowest take-offs any of them had ever attempted, but eventually, they were in the air.
The journey back to Rothera was unlike anything Shemenski had experienced.
“During the initial part when you're in the darkness it's hardly a sensation of moving at all because you can't see anything,” he recalled. “Everything's black.”
But then a thin line of pink appeared — sunlight on the horizon.
“It was really beautiful to watch it grow,” co-pilot Mark Cary told Canadian broadcaster CTV for a documentary about the mission. “It was like a gift and a sign to say everything’s going to work out and you guys are going the right way.”
A U.S. Antarctic Program participant enjoys a walk under a full moon at Amundsen-Scott South Pole research station.
The South Pole has continual darkness during the winter. — Photograph: Calee Allen/National Science Foundation.
Cary and Loutitt would repeat the flight two years later, when Barry McCue, an environmental health and safety officer employed by contractor Raytheon Polar Services, developed a serious infection in his gallbladder. This time, Shemenski was the medical director for Raytheon and helped coordinate the rescue.
McCue and his rescuers made it off the frozen continent safely, and McCue recovered fully from a successful surgery to treat his infection.
“You can tell they're getting better at the planning of it,” McCue told the Antarctic Sun, a newspaper run by the NSF. “For me it was just take the plan off the shelf, blow the dust off and then just figure out what the people should do.”
Still, any mission to the darkest and most distant place on Earth is risky. That the NSF decided that an evacuation is its best option, Shemenski said, means that those at the pole must be seriously ill.
After they land at Rothera, the patients will be taken to Punta Arenas in Chile, and then to a hospital that hasn't been disclosed. The flight covers 1,500 miles and lasts about 10 hours.
The trip back to the coast is just as dark and perilous as the journey to the pole. But, this time, the Twin Otter will be flying toward daylight.
• Sarah Kaplan is a reporter for Speaking of Science at The Washington Post.
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Related stories:
• Plane lands at South Pole in daring winter medical rescue
• At the South Pole, BICEP2 astronomer is upbeat as he hunts for elusive Big Bang signal
• British explorer Henry Worsley dies attempting solo crossing of Antarctica
www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/06/16/a-rare-risky-mission-is-underway-to-rescue-sick-scientists-from-the-south-pole
